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<title>Visual processing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Visual processing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>.</div>

<p><b>Visual processing</b> is the <a href="Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>'s ability to use and interpret <a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual information</a> from the world. The process of converting <a href="Light" title="Light">light</a> into a meaningful image is a complex process that is facilitated by numerous brain structures and higher level cognitive processes.

</p><p>On an anatomical level, light first enters the <a href="Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> through the <a href="Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a>, where the light is bent. After passing through the cornea, light passes through the <a href="Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a> and then the <a href="Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a> of the eye, where it is bent to a greater degree and focused upon the retina. The <a href="Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> is where a group of light-sensing cells called <a href="Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a> are located. There are two types of photoreceptors: <a href="Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> and <a href="Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a>. Rods are sensitive to dim light, and cones are better able to transduce bright light. Photoreceptors connect to <a href="Bipolar_neuron" title="Bipolar neuron">bipolar cells</a>, which induce <a href="Action_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Action potentials">action potentials</a> in <a href="Retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinal ganglion cells">retinal ganglion cells</a>. These retinal ganglion cells form a bundle at the <a href="Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">optic disc</a>, which is a part of the <a href="Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a>.

</p><p>The two optic nerves from each eye meet at the <a href="Optic_chiasm" title="Optic chiasm">optic chiasm</a>, where nerve fibers from each nasal retina cross. This results in the right half of each eye's visual field being represented in the <a href="Left_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Left hemisphere">left hemisphere</a> and the left half of each eye's visual fields being represented in the <a href="Right_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hemisphere">right hemisphere</a>. The optic tract then diverges into two visual pathways, the <a href="Geniculostriate_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Geniculostriate pathway">geniculostriate pathway</a> and the <a href="Tectopulvinar_pathway" title="Tectopulvinar pathway">tectopulvinar pathway</a>, which send visual information to the <a href="Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> of the <a href="Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">occipital lobe</a> for higher level processing (Whishaw and Kolb, 2015).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Top-down_and_bottom-up_representations">Top-down and bottom-up representations</h2></div>

<p>The visual system is organized hierarchically, with anatomical areas that have specialized functions in visual processing. Low-level visual processing is concerned with determining different types of contrast among images projected onto the retina whereas high-level visual processing refers to the cognitive processes that integrate information from a variety of sources into the visual information that is represented in one's mind. Object processing, including tasks such as <a href="Cognitive_neuroscience_of_visual_object_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition">object recognition</a> and location, is an example of higher-level visual processing. High-level visual processing depends on both top-down and bottom-up processes. Bottom-up processing refers to the visual system's ability to use the incoming visual information, flowing in a unidirectional path from the retina to higher cortical areas. Top-down processing refers to the use of prior knowledge and context to process visual information and change the information conveyed by neurons, altering the way they are tuned to a stimulus. All areas of the visual pathway except for the retina are able to be influenced by top-down processing.

</p><p>There is a traditional view that visual processing follows a feedforward system where there is a one-way process by which light is sent from the retina to higher cortical areas, however, there is increasing evidence that visual pathways operate bidirectionally, with both feedforward and feedback mechanisms in place that transmit information to and from lower and higher cortical areas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various studies have demonstrated this idea that visual processing relies on both feedforward and feedback systems (Jensen et al., 2015; Layher et al., 2014; Lee, 2002). Various studies that recorded from early visual neurons in <a href="Macaque" title="Macaque">macaque</a> monkeys found evidence that early visual neurons are sensitive to features both within their receptive fields and the global context of a scene.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other monkey studies used <a href="Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">electrophysiology</a> to find different frequencies that are associated with feedforward and feedback processing in monkeys (Orban, 2008; Schenden & Ganis, 2005). Studies with monkeys have also shown that neurons in higher level visual areas are selective to certain stimuli. One study that used single unit recordings in macaque monkeys found that neurons in middle temporal visual area, also known as area MT or V5, were highly selective for both direction and speed (Maunsell & Van Essen, 1983).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disorders_of_higher-level_visual_processing">Disorders of higher-level visual processing</h2></div>

<p>There are various disorders that are known the cause deficits in higher-level visual processing, including <a href="Visual_agnosia" title="Visual agnosia">visual object agnosia</a>, <a href="Prosopagnosia" title="Prosopagnosia">prosopagnosia</a>, <a href="Topographical_disorientation" title="Topographical disorientation">topographagnosia</a>, <a href="Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">alexia</a>, <a href="Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">achromatopsia</a>, <a href="Akinetopsia" title="Akinetopsia">akinetopsia</a>, <a href="Balint_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Balint syndrome">Balint syndrome</a>, and astereopsis. These deficits are caused by damage to brain structure implicated in either the ventral or dorsal visual stream (Barton 2011).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing_of_face_and_place_stimuli">Processing of face and place stimuli</h2></div>

<p>Past models of visual processing have distinguished certain areas of the brain by the specific stimuli that they are most responsive to; for example, the parahippocampal place area (PPA) has been shown to have heightened activation when presented with buildings and place scenes (Epstein & Kanwisher, 1998), whereas the <a href="Fusiform_face_area" title="Fusiform face area">fusiform face area</a> (FFA) responds mostly strongly to faces and face-like stimuli (Kanwisher et al., 1997).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parahippocampal_Place_Area_(PPA)">Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)</h3></div>

<p>The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is located in the posterior <a href="Parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Parahippocampal gyrus">parahippocampal gyrus</a>, which itself is contained in the <a href="Medial_temporal_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial temporal lobe">medial temporal lobe</a> with close proximity to the <a href="Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>. Its name comes from the increased neural response in the PPA when viewing places, like buildings, houses, and other structures, and when viewing environmental scenes, both indoors and outdoors (Epstein & Kanwisher, 1998). This is not to say that the PPA does not show activation when presented with other visual stimuli – when presented with familiar objects that are neither buildings nor faces, like chairs, there is also some activation within the PPA (Ishai et al., 2000). It does however appear that the PPA is associated with visual processing of buildings and places, as patients who have experienced damage to the parahippocampal area demonstrate topographic disorientation, in other words, unable to navigate familiar and unfamiliar surroundings (Habib & Sirigu, 1987). Outside of visual processing, the parahippocampal gyrus is involved in both spatial memory and spatial navigation (Squire & Zola-Morgan, 1991).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fusiform_Face_Area_(FFA)">Fusiform Face Area (FFA)</h3></div>

<p>The fusiform face area is located within the <a href="Inferior_temporal_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior temporal cortex">inferior temporal cortex</a> in the <a href="Fusiform_gyrus" title="Fusiform gyrus">fusiform gyrus</a>. Similar to the PPA, the FFA exhibits higher neural activation when visually processing faces more so than places or buildings (Kanwisher et al., 1997). However, the fusiform area also shows activation for other stimuli and can be trained to specialize in the visual processing of objects of expertise. Past studies have investigated the activation of the FFA in people with specialized visual training, like bird watchers or car experts who have adapted a visual skill in identifying traits of birds and cars respectively. It has been shown that these experts have developed FFA activation for their specific visual expertise. Other experiments have studied the ability to develop expertise in the FFA using 'greebles', a visual stimulus generated to have a few components that can be combined to make a series of different configurations, much like how a variety of slightly different facial features can be used to construct a unique face. Participants were trained on their ability to distinguish greebles by differing features and had activation in the FFA measured periodically through their learning – the results after training demonstrated that greeble activation in the FFA increased over time whereas FFA responses to faces actually decreased with increased greeble training. These results suggested three major findings in regards to FFA in visual processing: firstly, the FFA does not exclusively process faces; secondly, the FFA demonstrates activation for 'expert' visual tasks and can be trained over time to adapt to new visual stimuli; lastly, the FFA does not maintain constant levels of activation for all stimuli and instead seems to 'share' activation in such a way that the most frequently viewed stimuli receives the greatest activation in the FFA as seen in the greebles study (Gauthier et al., 2000).  

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_FFA_and_PPA_in_the_brain">Development of the FFA and PPA in the brain</h3></div>

<p>Some research suggests that the development of the FFA and the PPA is due to the specialization of certain visual tasks and their relation to other visual processing patterns in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, existing research shows that FFA activation falls within the area of the brain that processes the immediate field of vision, whereas PPA activation is located in areas of the brain that handle peripheral vision and vision just out of the direct field of vision (Levy et al., 2001). This suggests that the FFA and PPA may have developed certain specializations due to the common visual tasks within those fields of view. Because faces are commonly processed in the immediate field of vision, the parts of the brain that process the direct field of vision eventually also specialize in more detailed tasks like <a href="Face_perception" title="Face perception">face recognition</a>. The same concept applies to place: because buildings and locations are often viewed in their entirety either right outside of the field of vision or in an individual's periphery, any building or location visual specialization will be processed within the areas of the brain handling peripheral vision. As such, commonly seen shapes like houses and buildings become specialized in certain regions of the brain, i.e. the PPA.

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<ul><li><a href="Visual_agnosia" title="Visual agnosia">Visual agnosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system</a></li>

<li><a href="Predictive_coding" title="Predictive coding">Predictive coding</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li>Whishaw, I. Q., & Kolb, B. (2015). <i>Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology</i> (7th ed.). New York, NY: Worth.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Optical_illusions_(list)89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusions</a> (<a href="List_of_optical_illusions" title="List of optical illusions">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illusions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambigram" title="Ambigram">Ambigram</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous image</a></li>

<li><a href="Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Barberpole_illusion" title="Barberpole illusion">Barberpole</a></li>

<li><a href="Bezold_effect" title="Bezold effect">Bezold</a></li>

<li><a href="Checker_shadow_illusion" title="Checker shadow illusion">Checker shadow</a></li>

<li><a href="Chubb_illusion" title="Chubb illusion">Chubb</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornsweet_illusion" title="Cornsweet illusion">Cornsweet</a></li>

<li><a href="Delboeuf_illusion" title="Delboeuf illusion">Delboeuf</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebbinghaus_illusion" title="Ebbinghaus illusion">Ebbinghaus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehrenstein_illusion" title="Ehrenstein illusion">Ehrenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_lag_illusion" title="Flash lag illusion">Flash lag</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraser_spiral_illusion" title="Fraser spiral illusion">Fraser spiral</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity_hill" title="Gravity hill">Gravity hill</a></li>

<li><a href="Hering_illusion" title="Hering illusion">Hering</a></li>

<li><a href="Impossible_trident" title="Impossible trident">Impossible trident</a></li>

<li><a href="Irradiation_illusion" title="Irradiation illusion">Irradiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Jastrow_illusion" title="Jastrow illusion">Jastrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Lilac_chaser" title="Lilac chaser">Lilac chaser</a></li>

<li><a href="Mach_bands" title="Mach bands">Mach bands</a></li>

<li><a href="McCollough_effect" title="McCollough effect">McCollough</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion" title="Müller-Lyer illusion">Müller-Lyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Necker_cube" title="Necker cube">Necker cube</a></li>

<li><a href="Oppel-Kundt_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppel-Kundt illusion">Oppel-Kundt</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbison_illusion" title="Orbison illusion">Orbison</a></li>

<li><a href="Penrose_stairs" title="Penrose stairs">Penrose stairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripheral_drift_illusion" title="Peripheral drift illusion">Peripheral drift</a></li>

<li><a href="Poggendorff_illusion" title="Poggendorff illusion">Poggendorff</a></li>

<li><a href="Ponzo_illusion" title="Ponzo illusion">Ponzo</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubin_vase" title="Rubin vase">Rubin vase</a></li>

<li><a href="Sander_illusion" title="Sander illusion">Sander</a></li>

<li><a href="Schroeder_stairs" title="Schroeder stairs">Schroeder stairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Shepard_tables" title="Shepard tables">Shepard tables</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinning_dancer" title="Spinning dancer">Spinning dancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ternus_illusion" title="Ternus illusion">Ternus</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical%E2%80%93horizontal_illusion" title="Vertical–horizontal illusion">Vertical–horizontal</a></li>

<li><a href="White's_illusion" title="White's illusion">White's</a></li>

<li><a href="Wundt_illusion" title="Wundt illusion">Wundt</a></li>

<li><a href="Z%C3%B6llner_illusion" title="Zöllner illusion">Zöllner</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Trompe-l'%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Spectropia" title="Spectropia">Spectropia</a></i> (1864 book)</li>

<li><i><a href="Ascending_and_Descending" title="Ascending and Descending">Ascending and Descending</a></i> (1960 drawing)</li>

<li><i><a href="Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></i> (1961 drawing)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i> (2015 photograph)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accidental_viewpoint" title="Accidental viewpoint">Accidental viewpoint</a></li>

<li><a href="Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusions</a></li>

<li><a href="Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_illusion" title="Tactile illusion">Tactile illusions</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_perception" title="Time perception">Temporal illusion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_globe_of_the_human_eye216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Anatomy_of_the_globe_of_the_human_eye216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="Globe_(human_eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe (human eye)">globe</a> of the <a href="Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball" title="Fibrous tunic of eyeball">Fibrous tunic</a> <br>(outer)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sclera" title="Sclera">Sclera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Episcleral_layer" title="Episcleral layer">Episcleral layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Schlemm's_canal" title="Schlemm's canal">Schlemm's canal</a></li>

<li><a href="Trabecular_meshwork" title="Trabecular meshwork">Trabecular meshwork</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Corneal_limbus" title="Corneal limbus">Limbus</a></li>

<li><i>layers</i>

<ul><li><a href="Corneal_epithelium" title="Corneal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowman's_layer" title="Bowman's layer">Bowman's</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroma_of_cornea" title="Stroma of cornea">Stroma</a></li>

<li><a href="Dua's_layer" title="Dua's layer">Dua's layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Descemet's_membrane" title="Descemet's membrane">Descemet's</a></li>

<li><a href="Corneal_endothelium" title="Corneal endothelium">Endothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Uvea" title="Uvea">Uvea / vascular <br>tunic</a> (middle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capillary_lamina_of_choroid" title="Capillary lamina of choroid">Capillary lamina of choroid</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruch's_membrane" title="Bruch's membrane">Bruch's membrane</a></li>

<li><a href="Sattler's_layer" title="Sattler's layer">Sattler's layer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ciliary_processes" title="Ciliary processes">Ciliary processes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciliary_muscle" title="Ciliary muscle">Ciliary muscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pars_plicata" title="Pars plicata">Pars plicata</a></li>

<li><a href="Pars_plana" title="Pars plana">Pars plana</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stroma_of_iris" title="Stroma of iris">Stroma</a></li>

<li><a href="Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a></li>

<li><a href="Iris_dilator_muscle" title="Iris dilator muscle">Iris dilator muscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Iris_sphincter_muscle" title="Iris sphincter muscle">Iris sphincter muscle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a> (inner)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inner_limiting_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner limiting membrane">Inner limiting membrane</a></li>

<li><a href="Nerve_fiber_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber layer">Nerve fiber layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganglion_cell_layer" title="Ganglion cell layer">Ganglion cell layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_plexiform_layer" title="Inner plexiform layer">Inner plexiform layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_nuclear_layer" title="Inner nuclear layer">Inner nuclear layer</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Outer_plexiform_layer" title="Outer plexiform layer">Outer plexiform layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Outer_nuclear_layer" title="Outer nuclear layer">Outer nuclear layer</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="External_limiting_membrane" title="External limiting membrane">External limiting membrane</a></li>

<li><a href="Layer_of_rods_and_cones" title="Layer of rods and cones">Layer of rods and cones</a></li>

<li><a href="Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">Retinal pigment epithelium</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cells</a> (<a href="Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a>, <a href="Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a>) → (<a href="Retina_horizontal_cell" title="Retina horizontal cell">Horizontal cell</a>) → <a href="Retina_bipolar_cell" title="Retina bipolar cell">Bipolar cell</a> → (<a href="Amacrine_cell" title="Amacrine cell">Amacrine cell</a>) → <a href="Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">Retina ganglion cell</a> (<a href="Midget_cell" title="Midget cell">Midget cell</a>, <a href="Parasol_cell" title="Parasol cell">Parasol cell</a>, <a href="Bistratified_cell" title="Bistratified cell">Bistratified cell</a>, <a href="Giant_retinal_ganglion_cells" title="Giant retinal ganglion cells">Giant retina ganglion cells</a>, <a href="Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">Photosensitive ganglion cell</a>) → <i>Diencephalon</i>: <a href="Parvocellular_cell" title="Parvocellular cell">P cell</a>, <a href="Magnocellular_cell" title="Magnocellular cell">M cell</a>, <a href="Koniocellular_cell" title="Koniocellular cell">K cell</a>, <a href="Muller_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muller glia">Muller glia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Macula_of_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of retina">Macula</a>

<ul><li><a href="Perifovea" title="Perifovea">Perifoveal area</a></li>

<li><a href="Parafovea" title="Parafovea">Parafoveal area</a></li>

<li><a href="Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">Fovea</a>

<ul><li><a href="Foveal_avascular_zone" title="Foveal avascular zone">Foveal avascular zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Foveola" title="Foveola">Foveola</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optic_cup_(anatomical)" title="Optic cup (anatomical)">Optic cup</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ora_serrata" title="Ora serrata">Ora serrata</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomical regions <br>of the eye</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Anterior segment of eyeball">Anterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a> (<a href="Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a>, <a href="Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a>, <a href="Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a>, <a href="Lacrimal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacrimal system">Lacrimal system</a>, <a href="Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Fibrous_tunic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tunic">Fibrous tunic</a></li>

<li><a href="Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Anterior chamber of eyeball">Anterior chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">Aqueous humour</a></li>

<li><a href="Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Posterior chamber of eyeball">Posterior chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Capsule_of_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule of lens">Capsule of lens</a></li>

<li><a href="Zonule_of_Zinn" title="Zonule of Zinn">Zonule of Zinn</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Posterior segment of eyeball">Posterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vitreous_chamber" title="Vitreous chamber">Vitreous chamber</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vitreous_body" title="Vitreous body">Vitreous body</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a></li>

<li><a href="Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Corneal_keratocyte" title="Corneal keratocyte">Keratocytes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocular_immune_system" title="Ocular immune system">Ocular immune system</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_coherence_tomography#Ophthalmology" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_care_professional" title="Eye care professional">Eye care professional</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">Refractive error</a></li>

<li><a href="Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a></li>

<li><i>Physiological Optics</i></li>

<li><a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sensation_and_perception287" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sensation_and_perception287" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sense" title="Sense">Sensation</a> and <a href="Perception" title="Perception">perception</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cognitive_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive process">Processes <br>and <br>concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sense" title="Sense">Sensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Stimulus</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">Sensory receptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">Transduction (physiology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_processing" title="Sensory processing">Sensory processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Active_sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Active sensory system">Active sensory system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multimodal_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodal integration">Multimodal integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_perception" title="Motion perception">Motion perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human" title="Human">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Exteroception" class="mw-redirect" title="Exteroception">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">Sensory organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system (sense of vision)</a></li>

<li><a href="Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system (sense of hearing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system (sense of balance)</a></li>

<li><a href="Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">Olfactory system (sense of smell)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">Gustatory system (sense of taste)</a></li>

<li><a href="Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Somatosensory system (sense of touch)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory <a href="Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial</a> and <a href="Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">spinal nerves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic (II)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear (VIII)</a></li>

<li><a href="Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory (I)</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial (VII)</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal (IX)</a></li>

<li><a href="Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal (V)</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">Cerebral cortices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">Vestibular cortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Olfactory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory cortex">Olfactory cortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">Gustatory cortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">Somatosensory cortex</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception (vision)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Color" title="Color">Color</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Auditory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory perception">Auditory perception (hearing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">Equilibrioception (balance)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">Olfaction (smell)</a></li>

<li><a href="Taste" title="Taste">Gustation (taste or flavor)</a></li>

<li><a href="Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">mechanoreception</a></li>

<li><a href="Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception (pain)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermoception" title="Thermoception">thermoception</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interoception" title="Interoception">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioception</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunger_(physiology)" title="Hunger (physiology)">Hunger</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a></li>

<li><a href="Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">Suffocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></li>

<li><a href="Visceral_pain" title="Visceral pain">Visceral pain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nonhuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonhuman">Nonhuman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sense" title="Sense">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Echolocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_sensing_in_vampire_bats" title="Infrared sensing in vampire bats">Infrared sensing in vampire bats</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_wave_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave detection">Surface wave detection</a></li>

<li><a href="Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frog hearing</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toad vision</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Photomorphogenesis" title="Photomorphogenesis">Photomorphogenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">Gravitropism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">Artificial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robotic_sensing" title="Robotic sensing">Robotic sensing</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine hearing">Machine hearing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br><a href="Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">Baroreceptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">Mechanotransduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Lamellar corpuscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Tactile corpuscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Bulbous corpuscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Campaniform_sensilla" title="Campaniform sensilla">Campaniform sensilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Slit_sensilla" title="Slit sensilla">Slit sensilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Stretch_receptor" title="Stretch receptor">Stretch receptor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photoreceptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cell</a></li>

<li><a href="IpRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IpRGC">ipRGC</a></li>

<li><a href="Photopigment" title="Photopigment">Photopigment</a></li>

<li><a href="Aureochromes" title="Aureochromes">Aureochrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">Chemoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory receptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">Osmoreceptor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">Thermoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cilium#Sensing_the_extracellular_environment" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li>

<li><a href="TRP_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="TRP channels">TRP channels</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nociceptin_receptor#Pain_circuitry" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin receptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Juxtacapillary_receptors" title="Juxtacapillary receptors">Juxtacapillary receptor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vision_disorder" title="Vision disorder">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></li>

<li><a href="Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Amaurosis" title="Amaurosis">Amaurosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Anopsia" title="Anopsia">Anopsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hemeralopia" title="Hemeralopia">Hemeralopia</a> and <a href="Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">Nyctalopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Optic_neuropathy" title="Optic neuropathy">Optic neuropathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscillopsia" title="Oscillopsia">Oscillopsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Papilledema" title="Papilledema">Papilledema</a></li>

<li><a href="Photophobia" title="Photophobia">Photophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Photopsia" title="Photopsia">Photopsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cerebral_polyopia" title="Cerebral polyopia">Polyopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotoma" title="Scotoma">Scotoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual snow">Visual snow</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amblyaudia" title="Amblyaudia">Amblyaudia</a></li>

<li><a href="Auditory_agnosia" title="Auditory agnosia">Auditory agnosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">Auditory hallucination</a></li>

<li><a href="Auditory_verbal_agnosia" title="Auditory verbal agnosia">Auditory verbal agnosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cortical_deafness" title="Cortical deafness">Cortical deafness</a></li>

<li><a href="Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_auditory_effect" title="Microwave auditory effect">Microwave auditory effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li>

<li><a href="Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_hearing_loss" title="Spatial hearing loss">Spatial hearing loss</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">Vestibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Labyrinthine_fistula" title="Labyrinthine fistula">Labyrinthine fistula</a></li>

<li><a href="Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">Labyrinthitis</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re's_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfactory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anosmia" title="Anosmia">Anosmia</a></li>

<li><a href="Dysosmia" title="Dysosmia">Dysosmia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperosmia" title="Hyperosmia">Hyperosmia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyposmia" title="Hyposmia">Hyposmia</a></li>

<li><a href="Olfactory_reference_syndrome" title="Olfactory reference syndrome">Olfactory reference syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Parosmia" title="Parosmia">Parosmia</a></li>

<li><a href="Phantosmia" title="Phantosmia">Phantosmia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Taste_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste disorder">Gustatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ageusia" title="Ageusia">Ageusia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypergeusia" title="Hypergeusia">Hypergeusia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypogeusia" title="Hypogeusia">Hypogeusia</a></li>

<li><a href="Parageusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parageusia">Parageusia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Somatosensory_disorder" title="Somatosensory disorder">Tactile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astereognosis" title="Astereognosis">Astereognosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">CMT disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Formication" title="Formication">Formication</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">Hyperesthesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">Hypoesthesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_hallucination" title="Tactile hallucination">Tactile hallucination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nociception (pain)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain dissociation">Pain dissociation</a></li>

<li><a href="Phantom_pain" title="Phantom pain">Phantom pain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprioception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asomatognosia" title="Asomatognosia">Asomatognosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">Phantom limb syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Somatoparaphrenia" title="Somatoparaphrenia">Somatoparaphrenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernumerary_phantom_limb" title="Supernumerary phantom limb">Supernumerary phantom limb</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimodal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Allochiria" title="Allochiria">Allochiria</a></li>

<li><a href="Derealization" title="Derealization">Derealization</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">Synesthesia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biases and errors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a> · <a href="Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phenomena_of_the_visual_system91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Phenomena_of_the_visual_system91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Phenomena of the <a href="Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Entoptic_phenomenon" title="Entoptic phenomenon">Entoptic phenomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision)">Blind spot</a></li>

<li><a href="Phosphene" title="Phosphene">Phosphene</a></li>

<li><a href="Floater" title="Floater">Floater</a></li>

<li><a href="Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li>

<li><a href="Haidinger's_brush" title="Haidinger's brush">Haidinger's brush</a></li>

<li><a href="Prisoner's_cinema" title="Prisoner's cinema">Prisoner's cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue_field_entoptic_phenomenon" title="Blue field entoptic phenomenon">Blue field entoptic phenomenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Purkinje_images" title="Purkinje images">Purkinje images</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Form_constant" title="Form constant">Form constant</a></li>

<li><a href="Scintillating_scotoma" title="Scintillating scotoma">Scintillating scotoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual snow">Visual snow</a></li>

<li><a href="Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage on empty shape</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_ray_visual_phenomena" title="Cosmic ray visual phenomena">Cosmic ray visual phenomena</a></li>

<li><a href="Closed-eye_hallucination" title="Closed-eye hallucination">Closed-eye hallucination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dyslexia_and_related_specific_developmental_disorders90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dyslexia_and_related_specific_developmental_disorders90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a> and related <a href="Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">specific developmental disorders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speech_and_language_impairment" title="Speech and language impairment">Speech, language</a>, and <br><a href="Communication_disorder" title="Communication disorder">communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Expressive_language_disorder" title="Expressive language disorder">Expressive language disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Infantile_speech" title="Infantile speech">Infantile speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Landau%E2%80%93Kleffner_syndrome" title="Landau–Kleffner syndrome">Landau–Kleffner syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_disorder" title="Language disorder">Language disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_receptive-expressive_language_disorder" title="Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder">Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Specific_language_impairment" title="Specific language impairment">Specific language impairment</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_and_language_impairment" title="Speech and language impairment">Speech and language impairment</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_error" title="Speech error">Speech error</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_sound_disorder" title="Speech sound disorder">Speech sound disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li>

<li><a href="Tip_of_the_tongue" title="Tip of the tongue">Tip of the tongue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia">Dyscalculia</a></li>

<li><a href="Dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia">Dysgraphia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Developmental_coordination_disorder" title="Developmental coordination disorder">Developmental coordination disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia" title="Developmental verbal dyspraxia">Developmental verbal dyspraxia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory processing disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dyslexia_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyslexia research">Dyslexia research</a></li>

<li><a href="Learning_Ally" title="Learning Ally">Learning Ally</a></li>

<li><a href="Learning_problems_in_childhood_cancer" title="Learning problems in childhood cancer">Learning problems in childhood cancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_of_dyslexia" title="Management of dyslexia">Management of dyslexia</a></li>

<li><a href="Multisensory_integration" title="Multisensory integration">Multisensory integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_neuropsychology" title="Clinical neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Learning_to_read" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning to read">Reading acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Spelling" title="Spelling">Spelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_artistic_depictions_of_dyslexia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic depictions of dyslexia">Dyslexia in fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_with_dyslexia" title="List of people with dyslexia">People with dyslexia</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_dyslexia" title="Outline of dyslexia">Outline of dyslexia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Literacy65" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Literacy65" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adolescent_literacy" title="Adolescent literacy">Adolescent literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergent_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent literacy">Emergent literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_literacy" title="Family literacy">Family literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">Functional illiteracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonics" title="Phonics">Phonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-literacy" title="Post-literacy">Post-literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Whole_language" title="Whole language">Whole language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">List of countries by literacy rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Literacy_in_Canada" title="Literacy in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">India</a>

<ul><li><a href="Literacy_in_Bihar" title="Literacy in Bihar">Bihar</a></li></ul></li>

<li>New Zealand

<ul><li><a href="Literacy_in_Tokelau" title="Literacy in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Literacy_in_Romania" title="Literacy in Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Literacy_Association" title="International Literacy Association">International Literacy Association</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Literacy_Day" title="International Literacy Day">International Literacy Day</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English" title="National Council of Teachers of English">National Council of Teachers of English</a></li>

<li><a href="No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marie_Clay" title="Marie Clay">Marie Clay</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Johnson Colvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Paulo Freire</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Paul_Gee" title="James Paul Gee">James Paul Gee</a></li>

<li><a href="Griffith_Jones_(priest)" title="Griffith Jones (priest)">Griffith Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Laubach" title="Frank Laubach">Frank Laubach</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Street" title="Brian Street">Brian Street</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Agricultural_literacy" title="Agricultural literacy">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_literacy" title="Carbon literacy">Carbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_literacy" title="Computational literacy">Computational</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_literacy" title="Computer literacy">Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_literacy" title="Critical literacy">Critical</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_literacy" title="Digital literacy">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Diaspora_literacy" title="Diaspora literacy">Diaspora</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_literacy" title="Ecological literacy">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Electracy" title="Electracy">Electracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">Emotional</a></li>

<li><a href="Faith_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith literacy">Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_literacy" title="Financial literacy">Financial</a></li>

<li><a href="Geo-literacy" title="Geo-literacy">Geo-literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_literacy" title="Graph literacy">Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mental_health_literacy" title="Mental health literacy">Mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational Safety and Health Literacy">Occupational Safety and Health</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information</a></li>

<li>Information literacies</li>

<li><a href="Information_and_media_literacy" title="Information and media literacy">Information and media</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal literacy">Legal</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_literacy" title="Media literacy">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaliteracy" title="Metaliteracy">Metaliteracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiliteracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiliteracies">Multiliteracies</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_literacy" title="Musical literacy">Musical</a></li>

<li><a href="Numeracy" title="Numeracy">Numeracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_Literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Object Literacy">Object</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracy" title="Oracy">Oracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_literacy" title="Political literacy">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Power literacy">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_literacy" title="Physical literacy">Physical</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_literacy" title="Psychological literacy">Psychological</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_literacy" title="Racial literacy">Racial</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_literacy" title="Religious literacy">Religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_literacy" title="Social literacy">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_literacy" title="Statistical literacy">Statistical</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_literacy" title="Technological literacy">Technological</a></li>

<li><a href="Transliteracy" title="Transliteracy">Transliteracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_literacy" title="Visual literacy">Visual</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aliteracy" title="Aliteracy">Aliteracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Children's_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a></li>

<li><a href="Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">Literacy test</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_consumption" title="Media consumption">Media consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Orality" title="Orality">Orality</a></li>

<li><a href="Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-literate_society" title="Post-literate society">Post-literate society</a></li>

<li><a href="Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_systems125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_systems125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Graphemes</a></li>

<li><a href="Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts in Unicode</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_account" title="List of languages by first written account">by first written account</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">Ancient languages corpuses by size</a></li>

<li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">Creators of writing systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></li>

<li><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></li>

<li><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></li>

<li><a href="Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">Featural</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogrammic</a></li>

<li><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">Phonogrammic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">In Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">In Southeast Asia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Visual_processing&oldid=1288687671">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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